Episode 15: The 1919 Race Riots

World War One was a desperate time for Britain. Finding itself floundering against the advances of the Central Powers, Britain looked to its empire for support--and that's exactly what it got. Buoyed by aspirations of respect and independence, or just a genuine desire to fight alongside what they saw as their fellow countrymen, thousands of black, asian and Arab men and women came to work in Britain's factories and fields, or to serve in its armed forces.  

While black recruits were generally restricted to support roles, many did find themselves serving as seamen on British ships. These ships would typically be used to transport supplies for the troops or as bait to draw German submarines to the surface. Consequently, these troops would often find themselves a constant target from enemy aggression. The shameful truth being that any respect felt by the Empire's citizens for Britain was clearly not reciprocated by its leadership.

When the war finally ended in 1918, many of these demobilised black seamen chose to remain in Britain in the hopes of building lives for themselves. This unfortunately lead to a surplus of labour in the seafaring trades--as well as housing in the port towns. Seeing these outsiders as a threat to their livelihoods (coupled with a decent amount of unabashed racism), white workers instigated a number of violent attacks on minority groups--often with deadly consequences.

The resulting race riots of 1919 remain an incredibly dark and shameful, yet criminally unrecognised period of British history. While few are aware of the violent incidents which took place that year, the gruesome effects can still be seen in British society over a hundred years later.

“Race hatred must be a terrible thing, I thought, to be vindictive to a total stranger who had done no harm was incomprehensible to me.” - Ernest Marke

In this episode of The Gallimaufry, we investigate the events and circumstances which lead to the riots, the countries reaction and effect they have had on Britain's black community.  

Sources

1. ‘1919 Race Riots | Making Britain’. Accessed 4 May 2022. https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1919-race-riots.
2. Abdulla, Hasan. ‘History of Civil Rights in the UK’. Black History Month 2021. Accessed 9 November 2021. https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/civil-rights-movement/history-of-civil-rights-in-the-uk/.
3. ‘BBC - History - British History in Depth: British Anti-Slavery’. Accessed 11 November 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml.
4. ‘BBC - History - British History in Depth: The First Black Britons’. Accessed 9 November 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/black_britons_01.shtml.
5. Hardy, Jessie Moniz. ‘Revisited: The “Lynching” of Charles Wotten’, 16 June 2020. https://www.royalgazette.com/other/lifestyle/article/20200616/revisited-the-lynching-of-charles-wotten/.
6. Black History Month 2021. ‘How Black Soldiers Helped Britain in First World War’. Accessed 11 November 2021. https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-heroes/how-black-soldiers-helped-britain-in-first-world-war/.
7. Hunter, Virgillo. ‘Britain’s 1919 Race Riots •’, 28 November 2018. https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/events-global-african-history/britain-s-1919-race-riots/.
8. Jenkinson, Jacqueline. Black 1919: Riots, Racism and Resistance in Imperial Britain. Postcolonialism across the Disciplines 5. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009.
9. ‘Llafur the Journal of the Society for the Study of Welsh Labour History. | Vol, 3 No. 1 | 1980 | Welsh Journals - The National Library of Wales’. Accessed 11 November 2021. https://journals.library.wales/view/1326508/1327139/11.
10. Marke, Ernest. In Troubled Waters: Memoirs of My Seventy Years in England. United Kingdom: Karia, 1986.
11. Murphy, Andrea. From the Empire to the Rialto: Racism and Reaction in Liverpool 1918-1948. Birkenhead: Liver, 1995.
12. ‘Nerve 12 - Migrant Myths’. Accessed 9 November 2021. https://www.catalystmedia.org.uk/archive/issues/nerve12/charles_wootton.php.
13. Panayi, Panikos, ed. Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Rev. ed. London ; New York: Leicester University Press, 1996.